The Political System of the Republic of Turkey, Past and Present

The first constitution of the Ottoman-Turkish Empire was adopted in 1876 – the Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Eng. Fundamental Law). In its history, Turkey has had four constitutions. They were adopted in 1921, 1924, 1961, and 1982, with the latter being presently in force. Nowadays, the creation of a new constitution is the main issue on Turkey’s political agenda. The government of Turkey and Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan want to amend the constitution, and envisage creating an executive presidential system (Tur. Başkanlık sistemi), similar to that of the Russian Federation and the United States. Critics are concerned about what Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s motivation may be. This article analyzes the historical roots of the constitution, its amendments, the presidential system in Turkey and the arguments of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) and Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP) against the adoption of a presidential system. The key issues that the authors address are the changes that could be made under Turkey’s new constitution and whether all political power would be concentrated in president’s hands

Method of Moments Analysis of an Aperture in a Thick Ground Plane

The problem of electromagnetic scattering from and transmission through an arbitrarily shaped aperture is considered. The aperture is in a thick infinite perfectly conducting ground plane. The conducting walls of the cavity inside the ground plane are of arbitrary shape. The apertures at both ends of the cavity are also of arbitrary shape. The structure is illuminated by an incident plane electromagnetic wave. The Green\u27s function for this complicated problem is almost impossible to determine. Therefore the surface equivalence principle is used to reduce this complex problem into three simpler ones. Each such problem consists of equivalent surface currents radiating in unbounded media. Therefore the free space Green\u27s function is used for each problem. An equivalent surface magnetic current placed on the top aperture produces the scattered field in the region where the impressed sources are. The total field inside the cavity is produced by two surface equivalent magnetic currents on the apertures and an equivalent surface electric current residing on the walls of the cavity as well as on both apertures. The transmitted field on the opposite side of the impressed sources is computed by an equivalent surface magnetic current residing on the bottom aperture. Enforcing the boundary conditions on the tangential components of electric and magnetic fields on both apertures and on the tangential components of electric field on the cavity walls results in a set of three coupled integral equations for the equivalent surface currents. Whenever possible, image theory is used to simplify the equations. These equations are numerically solved using the method of moments. The surfaces are approximated by planar triangular patches. RWG functions are used for expansion functions. An approximate Galerkin method is used for testing. The method is applicable for the general case where all three regions have different material parameters. Results are computed for the case where all these parameters are the same. The method is applicable for arbitrary sized apertures and cavities. However due to limited computing resources, only problems in the resonance region, where dimensions are comparable to wavelength, are considered here. Computed results are given for the case of two square apertures connected by a square prism, two cross apertures connected by a square prism cavity, two circular apertures connected by a cylindrical cavity, and finally two circular apertures connected by a conical cavity. Our computed results are compared with results in the literature obtained by using other methods. Very good agreement is observed

Sınav Kaygısı Psikoeğitim Programının Sınav Kaygısı ve Akılcı Olmayan İnançlara Etkisi

This study aims to examine the effect of test anxiety psychoeducation program on test anxiety and irrational beliefs. In the study, a semi-experimental pattern with pretest and posttest control group was used, and 13 subjects were included in the experimental group, and in the control group who are 8th graders. In the data collection, the Test Anxiety Inventory and the Irrational Beliefs Scale were adopted. Ten weeks of test anxiety education was applied to the experimental group. No application was made with the control group. Mann-Whitney U test were used in independent groups in the analysis of the data gathered from 8th grade students. Research findings showed that test anxiety education has a significant effect on the reduction of test anxiety and irrational belief scores of students in the experimental group. Based on research findings interpretations were made and suggestions on application and research were developed. Based on the findings of the research, the students who experienced the test anxiety intensely were identified and the implementation of the psychoeducation program to cope with the test anxiety was recommended to guidance teachers.Bu araştırmanın amacı, sınav kaygısı psikoeğitim programının sınav kaygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançlara etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmada öntest sontest kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmış olup, deney ve kontrol grubunda 13, 8. sınıf öğrencisi yer almıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında Sınav Kaygısı Envanteri ve Mantıkdışı İnançlar Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Deney grubuna on haftalık sınav kaygısı eğitimi uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubuna herhangi bir uygulama yapılmamıştır. 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin ön test son test puan farklarının anlamlılığı Mann-Whitney U testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, sınav kaygısı eğitiminin deney grubunda yer alan öğrencilerin sınav kaygısı ve akılcı olmayan inanç puanlarının azalmasında anlamlı düzeyde etkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırma bulgularına dayalı olarak yorumlarda bulunulup, sınav kaygısını yoğun yaşayan öğrencilerin tespit edilerek sınav kaygısıyla başa çıkma psikoeğitim programının uygulanması rehberlik öğretmenlerine önerilmiştir

The evaluation of Artvin regional directorate of forestry in terms of criteria & indicators in sustainable forest management

Depending on increasing population and developing industry, the demand for natural sources has gained variations increasingly. Structural degeneration of forests, fragmentation of forests, formation of isolated areas, and decrease in biological diversity have guided the countries towards agreeing in a common point. After biological diversity agreement, the concept of sustainable forest management (SFM), which is defined in international process, appeared. SFM is monitoring the conditions of forest sources numerically by introducing new standards to the world forestry with six or seven criteria and over thirty contingent indicators. Our country, due to its geographical location, has been involved in Pan Europe and Near East processes and it has been following its forests with 6 criteria and 28 indicators which appeared in this processes. In the new process, Turkey aims to take place in the world scale by increasing the quality standards as a result of increasing certified forests and developing economy in all fields with 150 years of knowledge about forestry. In this paper, SFM criteria and indicators set in Turkey (C&I) is discussed and international processes and the concept of SFM have been summarized. Correspondingly, the status of Artvin Regional Forest Directorate was evaluated according to the current set of C&I on the bases of last five years. Sustainability of Artvin Regional Directorate of Forestry has been introduced with scoring system by accepting the whole country values as a threshold

Philosophical and Cultural Perspectives on Reading

Candor requires that I disclaim any real expertise in the educational specialty of reading instruction. This probably accounts for my writing about it with such sublime confidence. I do, however, believe that I know how to read. Moreover I have related to large numbers of people who are representative of many and diverse occupational and regional sub-cultures across the United States and Canada all of whom believe that they know how to read. These people typically exhibit a rather particular pattern of thinking styles. Since thinking is related to language and language is related to reading and since they all learned to read through processes and procedures that seem quite similar, it seems reasonable to wonder whether the way in which we learn to read partially influences the way in which we think.

Corbynizmin Yükselişi ve Çöküşü

In an era when the traditional centre-left parties have constantly lost ground to rising right-wing populist movements, Jeremy Corbyn’s Labour Party was increasingly portrayed as a left-wing alternative to both pro-austerity incumbent parties that rule out redistributive policies and right-wing populism fuelled by the grievances of the masses targeting the traditional political elites. Corbyn managed to mobilize a vast section of the society by becoming Europe’s biggest left-wing party in terms of membership and increased its votes in the 2017 election, especially by gaining youth support. Nevertheless, the 2019 election constituted an immense fall. Regarding his political discourse both during the electoral campaigns and the serious challenges he faced, Corbyn could be identified as a left-wing populist. To be more specific, Corbyn is a democratic socialist who usually resorted to left-wing populist means within a social democratic party, and failed in his efforts to transform both the British mainstream politics and the Labour in the end.Geleneksel merkez sol partilerin yükselen sağ popülist hareketlere karşı sürekli zemin kaybettiği bir tarihsel evrede, Jeremy Corbyn'in İşçi Partisi, hem yeniden dağıtım politikalarını dışlayan kemer sıkma yanlısı iktidar partilerine, hem de kitlelerin siyasi elitlere yönelik memnuniyetsizliğinden güç alan sağ popülizme karşı bir sol alternatif olarak tasvir edildi. Britanya İşçi Partisi üye sayısı bakımından Avrupa'nın en büyük sol partisi haline gelerek toplumun geniş bir kesimini harekete geçirmeyi başardı ve 2017 seçimlerinde özellikle gençlerin desteğini alarak oylarını arttırdı. Buna karşılık 2019 seçimleri muazzam bir düşüşe sahne oldu. Corbyn, seçim kampanyaları sırasındaki siyasi söylemi ve karşılaştığı zorluklara verdiği yanıtlar bakımından bir sol popülist olarak tanımlanabilir. Daha açık ifade etmek gerekirse, Corbyn, sosyal demokrat bir parti içinde genellikle sol popülist araçlara başvuran ve sonunda hem İngiliz ana akım siyasetini hem de İşçi Partisi'ni dönüştürme çabalarında başarısız olmuş bir demokratik sosyalisttir

Lumbosacral plexopathy secondary to discectomy and fixation

Lumbosacral plexopathy (LSP) is a rare entity characterized by acute onset of pain followed by sensory and motor deficits, reflex changes and muscle atrophy. The diagnosis is based on clinical and EMG findings. LSP can result from pelvic tumors, infections, trauma, abdominopelvic or spinal surgery, radiation, intravenous drug abuse, diabetic neuropathy, vasculitis or maybe idiopathic. We present a case report of LSP following spinal surgery treated by pulse steroid and immunotherapy

Posterior fossa epidural hydatid cyst in the adult

Hydatid cyst is an important parasitic disease especially in endemic regions. Hydatid cysts are most commonly found in the liver and lungs and only 1% to 2% of the cysts reach the brain. Intracranial hydatid cysts are usually supratentorial and majority of cases are children and young adults. In this case report, a 55-yearold woman who lives in rural area in Turkey, admitted to our clinic with severe headache, neck pain, gait disturbance, and vomiting. Her neurological examination revealed cerebellar ataxia and left dysmetria. Radiological findings were compatible with hydatid cyst. On the 3rd of antihelmintic therapy, the patient underwent suboccipital craniotomy and epidural cyst was excised using Dowling technique without rupture of the cyst wall. Patient’s symptoms improved postoperatively. Although hydatid cyst in posterior fossa is a very rare entity, it should be kept in mind in patients with intracranial cystic lesions who live in endemic regions

Mobility management in multi-tier LiFi networks

Mobility management is an important part of the analysis and design of ultra-dense LiFi networks. This paper presents a two-tier LiFi network and analyses the cross-tier handover rate between the primary and secondary cells. For different conditions of semiangle at half illuminance of the primary and secondary cells, we propose three different coverage models for the secondary cells. Using stochastic geometry, closed-form expressions are derived for the cross-tier handover rate, ping-pong rate and sojourn time in terms of the received optical signal intensity, time-to-trigger and user mobility. The analytical models are validated with simulation results